Article Review for Child Protection in Australia - myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theArticle Review for Child Protection in Australia. Answer: Summary of Ideas and Arguments In the article titled, Child Protection and Vulnerable Families: Trends and Issues in the Australian Context, the author Elizabeth Fernandez provides a discussion on the development of child protection in Australia. She argues that instances of Child maltreatment are more prevalent among vulnerable families in the country (Fernandez, 2014). This has led to the federal government intervening in cases of child abuse through state government child protection agencies. The author indicates that one of the most effective ways to protect children from the maltreatment in their homes is through empowering vulnerable families (Fernandez, 2014). Doing this has proven to be effective as it has led to an increase in the number of reports on child abuse thereby enabling the relevant government agencies to take action to safeguard the child. Theories The arguments presented by the author are underpinned by the culture of poverty theories. A popular facet of the culture of poverty theories holds that a significant percentage of abusive parents tend to replicate the parenting style they experienced growing up (Bywaters et al., 2016). This serves to explain why cases of child mistreatment are predominant amongst members of the countries indigenous community. Influence of Information Presented The information will help me as a social worker be able to effectively relate to abused children from the vulnerable families, interact with their parents and develop effective treatment plans. The information is also helpful in deciding whether or not an out of home care system is the best option for a mistreated child or not. Reflection The information presented in the article is quite significant to me as it demonstrates the major drivers of child mistreatment in Australia. It also educates me on the major forms of child abuse in the country and the different protection processes an abused child can go through. Through this information, one can be able to effectively execute his/her duties as a social worker and child protector. Aged Care in Australia Summary The article, Residential Aged Care Policy in Australia- Are We Learning from Evidence? by Lynn Chenoweth, Marie dela Rama, and Richard Baldwin provides information on the development of the country's aged care industry. The authors indicate that the country's aged care sector will grow significantly in the coming ten years thereby resulting in an increase in government expenditure (Baldwin, Chenoweth, 2015). The authors argue that the reforms being implemented by the government are likely to impact the quality of care that is provided for the age in society. They indicate there is a need for the government to implement policy that is evidence-based and reflect the industry structure. Theory The information provided in the article is based on the theory of resource mobilization where the greater the demand, the more the cost (McCarthy, Zald, 2013). This will make it difficult for a significant percentage of those who require aged care to get access to it. The government, therefore, needs to implement policies that will cushion those who need residential care from the rising cost. Influence of Information Presented As a social worker, the information presented in the article might make one more active in government policy formulation. The more proactive a social worker is in policy formulation, the more successful he/she is at his work. This is largely because the information demonstrates the fact that government policy plays a significant role in influencing the cost and quality of care. Reflection The information presented in the article is quite significant to a social worker as it reflects on the impact of government policies on the number of social workers. Through the information provided, it is also evident that for the residential aged care industry to grow, there is a need for policy decisions to be based on evidence-based practice. Social Justice The article titled, A Social Justice View of Educators Conceptions of Aboriginal Children Starting School, by Lysa Dealtry, Sue Dockett, and Bob Perry investigates the challenges faced by aboriginal children in the Australian education system (Dealtry et al., 2017). In the article, the authors indicate that aboriginal children are treated differently from white children in the countrys academic system. In the article, the author discusses the pedagogical principles educators rely on when considering the strength and needs of aboriginal children as they transition from home to school setting (Dealtry et al., 2017). The article reveals that despite measures to effectively integrate the aboriginal educational system into the mainstream system of learning, there are still numerous challenges facing aboriginal students (Dealtry et al., 2017). The system is highly discriminatory against aboriginal students. Theory The arguments presented in the article are based on the principle of cultural discrimination. The principle of cultural discrimination reflects the practice of treating people differently based on their cultural practices (Farkas, 2003). This is largely because the members of the aboriginal community have different cultural practices and as a result are prone to numerous challenges. Influence As a social worker, the information presented in the paper plays a considerable role in developing child education system that is fair and just. It is evident that aboriginal children in the country face significant challenges in the education system and thus there is a need for mechanisms to make the transition smoother for them. Reflection The information presented is quite important as it demonstrates the practice of cultural discrimination within the education system. Through this information, social workers can identify the areas in which the country's education system is failing and improve on them. By doing this education is made fair to all children. References Dealtry, L., Perry, B., Dockett, S. (2017). A Social Justice View of Educators Conceptions of Aboriginal Children Starting School. InPedagogies of Educational Transitions(pp. 113-130). Springer International Publishing. Bywaters, P., Bunting, L., Davidson, G., Hanratty, J., Mason, W., McCartan, C., Steils, N. (2016). The relationship between poverty, child abuse and neglect: An evidence review. Fernandez, E. (2014). Child protection and vulnerable families: trends and issues in the Australian context.Social Sciences,3(4), 785-808. Baldwin, R., Chenoweth, L. (2015). Residential Aged Care Policy in AustraliaAre We Learning from Evidence?.Australian Journal of Public Administration,74(2), 128-141. Farkas, G. (2003). Racial disparities and discrimination in education: What do we know, how do we know it, and what do we need to know?.Teachers College Record,105(6), 1119-1146. McCarthy, J. D., Zald, M. N. (2013). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory.American journal of sociology,82(6), 1212-1241.

My Life as a Bug free essay sample

The day started out as normal as any day could be. I woke up, played with my bugs life finger puppets, ate some cereal, hopped in the shower, and took off towards school. I was running late, like usual, when my car decided not to start. So naturally, instead of asking my parents for a ride, I decided to sprint. I made it half way to the school when I felt something crawling on my head. I immediately started screaming and turning in circles until I fell on the ground in a panic.My legs began to flail, I started beating my hands on the ground, and began chanting, Bog Log, Shimmy Change, Tipsy Tops, AWAKE! When my eyes flew open, I could not believe what I saw. My vision was so clear. I could see a complete circle all the way around me. I thought it was a little bit odd that I didnt have to turn around to complete this task, but my attention was not focused on what transformation had taken place. We will write a custom essay sample on My Life as a Bug or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I stared to stand up, but realized that I was already standing. I looked down and opened my mouth to let out an enormous scream.Instead of a scream, the noise that escaped my mouth was ear piercing. The tone resembled fingernails on a chalkboard. I tried to scream again, but all that came was the same noise over and over again. As soon as I became fed up with trying to scream, I decided I better get to school no matter what shape I was In. When I arrived at the school, I stood there, straightening on how to open the door. I spotted Lope coming out of the office towards the front door, so I held In the garden my Mrs. . Greens room. I waited for him to walk out the door and scurried Into the school.I Hough I had made It with out anyone seeing me but Mr.. Sutton started walking in the opposite direction as Lope. I stood as still as possible. When I noticed that he was talking to himself again about how good he looked In his suit, I knew I was safe. I crawled to the office so I could look at the clock and see which class I needed to attend. It was fourth hour, which meant the hour was government class. My heart sank. From the beginning of the year, Mr.. Barrett set only two rules. One, no looking him directly In the eye, and two, no talking about, looking at, or crushingI could not even bring my self to say the word. Mr.. Barrett was deathly afraid of this word. He had to be rushed to the hospital after he saw this word. He had poison stashed In his overhead cart that would kill this word wealth seconds of exposure. My worst nightmare was playing out right before my eyes! I had somehow become a gigantic this word! Im a Lam a.. . Lam A BUG! As I shrieked that last statement, I knew I could not have been the only one to hear my awful excuse for a voice.I began to feel quick feet moving around Mr.. Barrettes classroom, red flashing lights with alarms activated, and a loud machine-Like sound growled from Inside. The door opened, I saw a puff of dust, and before I hit the ground, I noticed In Mr.. Barrettes shirt pocket a book entitled; How to be Prepared When Killer Bugs Strike For Dummies. I hit the ground and everything went black. Unbelievable things had taken place that odd day. When I awoke, I had what felt Like the worst pain In the world shooting all the way through the front side of my body.I looked around and realized I was sprawled out In the he color of a tasty summer tomato. For 4 hours, I had been laying in the road having a dream about turning into a giant bug while acquiring the worst sunburn of my life. I stood up, painfully brushed off the rock and dirt, and made my way down the path towards school for the second, and what I hoped to be, the last time that day. Nothing was going to stop me from having a good day, not even a third degree burn That was until I heard the tires shriek, horn honk, and the whole cycle of the day beginning once more.

Strategic Planning in Educational Organizations

Introduction Strategic planning has been employed mainly in business environments to shape long-term future. This is mainly because sustainability of such businesses is crucial to their competitiveness. In the recent past, strategic planning has been implemented in educational institutions and organizations. This has resulted in mixed reactions about its achievements.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Planning in Educational Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, its effectiveness in most businesses has also received mixed reactions. This poses the question as to how and when it can be effective. Several theorists have suggested ways of ensuring strategic planning is successfully implemented in businesses and educational centers as well as other organizations. In some cases, strategic planning tries to define organization’s direction and plan for the future. Furthermore, businesse s use it to overcome or avoid completion. It is quite important to note that for strategic planning to be effectively implemented; those concerned must ensure that its conditions are met. If this is not done, the outcome is usually unpredictable. This paper will examine strategic planning in educational organizations, conditions for its implementation, pros and cons as well as provide a recommendation on its use as a change in elementary work setting (Reeves, 2007, P. 1). Strategic Planning Strategic Planning refers to the process of shaping an organization or an individual’s future. It may also imply that a mission is desired and therefore every effort is channeled towards its achievement. Long-term future of any organization is dependent on its performance. In addition, the organization must have a vision or picture that conveys its desired future. All these should be in place before starting the process of strategic planning. Again, it is crucial to note that strategic pla nning assumes a collaborative process. This may disappoint those hoping to oversee implementation as detailed in the strategic plan. Strategic planning is inclusive and requires collaboration for achievement of goals. The plan usually defines a number (small, for instance, 10) of strategic objectives, which should be met to the desired goal or vision of such an organization. This involves an exclusive examination of approaches and process of strategic planning to achieve success. These are as stated below.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Approaches to Strategic Planning Implementation of strategic planning involves choice of different approaches. These include Future search, SWOT, ZOPP/OOP/LFA, and Open space, among others. These approaches share some similar principles such as the belief that future can always be shaped. The approaches also share a belief in â€Å"whole system†, which means that all stakeholders need to be involved for any success to be achieved. Similarly, the approaches have differences, which are observed in their strengths and weaknesses. Future search This kind of approach is commonly observed in non-business organizations. It involves planning and executing actions found to enjoy mutual support. It emphasizes on â€Å"leap forward† technique, in which the organization identifies its future condition and tries to reach it. SWOT SWOT is very common in business environments. This is mainly because it tries to evaluate the weaknesses, strengths and opportunities, as well as threats to survival of the business. ZOPP/OOP/LFA This terms refers to (LFA) Logical framework approach which is sometimes known as (OOPP) Objective oriented project planning or ZOPP in German, This type of approach emphasizes on identifying the problems by use of cause effective analysis method and then looks at ways of alleviating them. Open space This meth od of approach is a precursor to the initial approach, Future search. It goes on with already agreed topics and agenda. It is usually brought forward by a facilitator who allows people to nominate pressing issues and is ready to take responsibility (Schmoker, 2004, P. 5). Processes of Strategic Planning Strategic planning involves several processes for its requirements to be met. These processes are sequential and involve various activities. Educational organizations need to follow a systematic process in strategic management to achieve their goals. These include articulation of core values for institution or educational organization, developing of its mission statement, vision statement, and determining of the organization’s strategic objectives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Planning in Educational Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Further, on, the organization should define its main activities plus responsibilities and then disseminate as well as implement its plan. Finally, the organization should monitor outcomes of its activities and amend its plan as necessary. These processes entail various steps as shown above. Moreover, each of these steps involves several activities. In order to achieve the required results, all steps above have to be executed. In addition, execution of these steps should be in their correct order. In case executions are done in a different manner, which is not in the correct order, latter processes would be compromised. This may lead to eventual failure of the whole process. These processes should therefore be followed as prescribed to avoid mixed results. Merits of the strategic planning process in schools and other organizations Strategic planning has several advantages to organizations. These include increasing probability of an organization’s survival, increasing their market share, in case of other organizations, and motivating other stakeholders within the organization. Other advantages include improving the organization’s competitiveness and planning of quantum leap, which elevates it to a new level. It also enables the organization to renew its direction in case plan is for renewal. Strategic planning is important in allowing for smooth mergers and acquisitions of organization as it conveys its mission and the prevailing position. Strategic planning is also important in helping the organization to manage both internal and external factors that may affect it. Drawbacks of the strategic planning process in schools and other organizations Strategic planning is very important in monitoring the progress of organizations and schools. However, this is not easy as any mistake in following the laid out strategic plan compromises latter stages of the whole process. This is a drawback since such failures would mean starting the whole process a fresh and would be more expensive as well as time was ting. Other disadvantages include the fact that, in a school setting, some targets such a behavior of students may not be quantified. In essence, methods of evaluating the results may not be valid. Strategic planning has several strict conditions that may not apply in school settings; this may not be helpful for the organization (Evans, 2007, P. 2).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conditions under which strategic planning is both effective and ineffective Strategic planning can only be effective if done according to the prescribed order. This involves several steps and processes, which include activities that have to be done in accordance with the strategic plan. On the other hand, strategic planning cannot be effective if done without following correct order. This compromises the latter stages of strategic process and leads to a failure (Bonstingl, 2009, P. 3). Strategic Planning and change in your work setting Strategic planning was mainly used in business settings. Its adoption in school settings has outputted mixed results since school settings involve many activities and stakeholders. This starts from the staff, parents to students, among other stakeholders. Since strategic planning involves inclusion of all stakeholders, and given the gap between these groups of individuals in school setting, implementing strategic plan is quite involving. However, when done in accordance with the correct procedure, which may involve combination of its approaches, it can be successful. Change in work setting can therefore be attained by adopting and implementing strategic planning (Basham Lunenburg, 1989, p. 29). Conclusion Strategic Planning refers to the process of shaping an organization or an individual’s future. More often than not, it has been employed in business environments to shape their long-term futures. This is mainly because sustainability of such businesses is crucial to their competitiveness. In the recent past, strategic planning has been implemented in educational institutions and organizations. This has resulted in mixed reactions concerning its achievements. Moreover, its effectiveness in most businesses has also received mixed reactions. The paper examines four main approaches to strategic planning along with processes involved in strategic planning. These approaches are Future search, SWOT, ZOPP/OOP/LFA, and Open spac e, among others. In addition, the processes include among others, articulation of core values for institution or educational organization, developing of its mission statement, vision statement, and determining of the organization’s strategic objectives. Strategic planning has several advantages, which include among others, increasing the probability of an organization’s survival. Strategic planning is therefore important in educational organizations (Cook, 1988, p. 25). Recommendation Just as Strategic planning is important in business sector, it is also necessary in educational organizations. However, this must be done in accordance with the provided sequence of steps. Organizations should therefore ensure that all the laid out procedures are followed as agreed to succeed in strategic planning (McCune, 1986, p. 45). Reference List Basham, V., Lunenburg, F. (1989). Strategic planning, student achievement and school district financial and demographic factors. Planning and Changing, 20(3), 158–171. Bonstingl, J. J. (2009). Strategic planning during tough times. Leadership, 38(3), 8-10. Grand Canyon University Library Cook, B. (1988). Strategic planning for America’s schools. Arlington, VA: American Association of School Administrators. Evans, R. (2007). The case against strategic planning. Independent School, 67(1), 92-104. Grand Canyon University Librar. McCune, S. (1986). Strategic planning for educators. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Reeves, D. B. (2007). Making strategic planning work. Educational Leadership, 65(4), 86-87. Grand Canyon University Library. Schmoker, M. (2004). Tipping point: From feckless reform to substantive instructional improvement. Phi Delta Kappan, 85(6), 424-432. Grand Canyon University Library. This essay on Strategic Planning in Educational Organizations was written and submitted by user Kristopher Barr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Strategic Planning in Educational Organizations

TOEFL Essay Writing - Topics and Ideas For Writing a Good TOEFL Essay

TOEFL Essay Writing - Topics and Ideas For Writing a Good TOEFL EssayThe topic of a TOEFL essay writing must be extremely interesting to the student. It should also be well rounded and complex. This will not be easy for the students because there are several interesting topics out there that require studying. Nonetheless, they have to make sure that it is interesting enough so that the students who will be studying the essay can enjoy reading the essay.To test the writing skills of the student, the teacher has to write in some particular topics on the TOEFL essay writing and then ask a group of students to guess the topic of the essay. The teacher has to provide a detailed explanation and examples to support their hypothesis. The students should not feel annoyed if the teacher provides some theories and they are not totally convinced. The best way is to understand the theory that the teacher has to prove so that the students can make up their own mind about the topic of the essay.The student has to work hard and be sincere in his answer. It is not the student's responsibility to decide on the topic of the essay. The teacher does this task and that is all. The student has to decide whether he/she is able to address the main points of the paper. There are topics like 'Beauty and the Beast', 'The Lion King', 'The Butterfly Effect' and the other fictitious topics.The first thing that a student should think about is not to use the same word for all the topics of the essay. There are several different genres out there and the students have to choose their own topic from the variety. For example, if there is a fictitious topic 'The Butterfly Effect' then it is better if the student uses a few different words to address the topic. This will help the student address the topic with some creativity and with some imagination.One important part of the TOEFL essay writing is the analysis of the materials. The students should not waste their time and energy by answering one q uestion and moving on to another question that is related to the given topic. Instead, the student should use the entire duration of the essay to analyze the materials so that he/she will understand them. The students should know what materials are used in the studies so that they will know how to conduct the study effectively. This will definitely help the student.As far as the presentation of the material is concerned, the student should give an unbiased and fair idea to the reader. He/she should make sure that the student gives an accurate presentation of the material. The student should be able to explain and give the right answers. Students should be able to utilize the material effectively so that they can answer all the questions successfully.One important part of the TOEFL essay writing is to be able to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the student. They should know the information that is used in the given topic. The student should be able to follow and organize the information properly. If the student knows how to use the information correctly, then it is already an excellent achievement.

Right-Brain-Dominant Learning Styles

Right-Brain-Dominant Learning Styles Are you the creative type? Do you get bored easily when teachers lecture for more than thirty minutes at a time? Do you feel like you can size up people easily by watching them? If so, you may be right-brain dominant. Characteristics of Right-Brain Students You take notes but lose them. You may have a hard time keeping track of your research.You might have a hard time making up your mind.You are good with people.You dont fall for practical jokes as easily as some.You seem dreamy, but youre really deep in thought.You like to write fiction, draw, or play music.You might be athletic.You like mystery stories.You take time to ponder and you think there are two sides to every story.You may lose track of time.You are spontaneous.You’re fun and witty.You may find it hard to follow verbal directions.You are unpredictable.You get lost.You are emotional.You dont like reading directions.You may listen to music while studying.You read lying down.You may be interested in â€Å"the unexplained.†You are philosophical and deep. Your Classes and Your Brain In history class, you enjoy the social aspects most. You like to explore the effects of events that happened in history. You also enjoy essays.You can do well in math class if you apply yourself, but you get bored by long, complex problems. Keep at it! Youll be great with math if you practice enough.Science? Boring at first. But once you start learning more, you become intrigued.You do well in English class, especially when it comes to reading literature and writing essays about books. You also do well in creative writing assignments.Strong grammar skills may come naturally to you. Advice for Right Brain Students Choose to do personal essays  when you have the option. Youre great when you use anecdotal stories!Watch your daydreaming- keep it under control and dont let it become a procrastination tool.Let your imagination work for you in the arts.Let your intuition work for you in social situations. Use that gut instinct to your advantage.Let your deep thinking work for you during essay tests- but don’t ponder too long. Make a quick outline, then start to fill in the topics.Be creative with essays. You can use colorful language well.Use images and charts when you study.  Write down directions to help you remember.Try to be more organized!Don’t be overly suspicious of others.  Make outlines to organize your thoughts.Choose fiction in reading assignments.  Try to avoid teachers who lecture a lot; choose teachers who use activities.You tell stories well, so write some!Put information into categories for better understanding.Avoid getting bogged down by thinking of all possib ilities when answering questions. Go with your first instinct on a multiple choice exam! Finish things! You have so much talent, but you don’t always complete things. You have great instincts and survival skills. If you study hard, you might be a finalist on Survivor one day!

Human Resources- Relationships in the workplace Research Paper

Human Resources- Relationships in the workplace - Research Paper Example Companies have been attempting to establish clear, well-understood policies to minimize the potential for danger – both for the employees and the organization. However the role of the HR in an organization remains controversial as far as dealing with workplace dating and relationships is concerned. Gautier has explored the reasons for workplace romance and found that theories of attraction play a vital role. Social psychology also points out a strong link between proximity, familiarity and attraction. Because of close and frequent interpersonal interaction they are prone to develop relationships. People with similar beliefs, attitudes, education and background are also more likely to be attracted to each other. They have similar traits and goals; share each other’s excitement and frustrations, and celebrations (Loftus, 1995). At the same time, organizational attitude, culture and beliefs play a role in how the companies conceptualize, tolerate and manage workplace romance. The role of HR in workplace relationships is debatable. When Wal-Mart terminated the services of two of its workers who were dating, it was found that the supervisor used an out-of-date policy manual to justify their termination (Losey, 1993). A survey revealed that more than 70 percent organizations permit and accept workplace dating as most were of the opinion that the organization has no right to interfere in the dating between coworkers (Losey, 1993). However, when dating involves an employee dating a boss, or the upper management or the manager dating a subordinate, it has been found to be unacceptable (Gautier, 2007). Only if a supervisor dates a subordinate, can the organizations interfere and this has become important because of some well-known sexual harassment court battles (Jenner, 1993). There have been instances when an employee had voluntary--but not

Pre-Hospital Fluid Replacement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pre-Hospital Fluid Replacement - Essay Example Although road accidents form a major part of the accident pie chart, there are still other zones apart from roads where people are accident prone. Workers in factories, fire fighters, miners and virtually all blue collared working force in UK are under constant threat of accidents. Most of the deaths that result due to accidents have been identified to be due to excessive blood loss, a term, in medical terminology known as hemorrhage. Mainly two types of injuries are identified. In 'Penetrating Injuries', the skin is breached by sharp objects such as a knife and leads to potential internal bleeding. In 'Blunt Injuries', the skin is not deeply penetrated and generally remains unbroken. However the magnitude of the injury damages the internal organs. The bleeding that is caused by these injuries must be controlled. If the bleeding exceeds the normal bounds, it leads to the reduction in blood volume, technically known as 'hypovolaemia'. This may even lead to 'shock' which is a state of circulatory failure. In such a state the perfusion of necessary fluids and blood to vital internal organs is hampered. This consequently leads to multiple organ failure. Generally the first crew to reach the scene of accident is the ambulance crew. Apart from the driver and attendant in most ambulances also have a paramedic. According to the JRCALC guidelines for pre hospital fluid replacement, only a paramedic can administer fluids on the site to the injured. In an email communication with the authors of 'Clinical Effectiveness and Cost Effectiveness of pre hospital intravenous fluids in trauma patients', trauma.org told that, "All patients would be considered for fluids. (Perhaps not all should receive but currently in the UK almost all will) [The] approximate percentage of trauma patients who receive fluids [is] currently 100%" (Dretzke et al, 2003). Administration of intravenous fluids on - site is a traditional approach to handle injuries. This method was supported by early animal studies. The theory behind fluid replacement methodology is that, fluid replacement therapy attempts to reverse the effects of excessive blood loss by increasing circulatory blood volume and blood pressure back to the normal levels and maintains the perfusion of vital organs thereby reducing the risk of death from multiple organ failure (NICE, 01/04). Methodology and Technology The physiological state of the victim of injury is analyzed by the paramedic to identify which pre - hospital fluids are needed. Certain factors are analyzed such as degree of blood loss and whether the hemorrhage is controlled or uncontrolled. The Technology Appraisal of NHS identifies the other indicators of hemorrhage in adults as tachycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction and reduced blood pressure (NHS, 01/04). The shock levels are categorized according to the severity. Intravenous fluids are considered on similar lines as medicines, and are broadly classified as crystalloids, colloids, or combination fluids. Combination fluids consist of hypertonic saline with starch or dextran. According to the JRCALC regulations only paramedics may administer crystalloid and colloid solutions. Crystalloids pass through cell membranes into different body fluid compartments, thereby making up for the fluids lost due to