The Effect Of Conditioned Response On Hr Student s Name...

Effect of Conditioned Response on HR Student’s name Institution Abstract This report is based on an experiment to investigate the effect t of a tone conditioned stimuli to heart rate. The study used 56 participants mean age 24.20 years where 15 were male and 41 were female. The study was purely experimental where the participants were subjected to a specified tone either at rest or when hopping and then were asked to count their heart beat rate using the palpation method. The experiment took place in three phases- pre-test, training and the post-test. Heart rates results for each participant was recorded in each phase and the mean heart rate was calculated for the pre-test and post-test. Results indicated higher mean rates and standard deviation for post -test in comparison to the pre-test. A sample t-test was also carried out for pre-test vs post-test mean hear rate measurements. Analysis of the results showed that tone conditioned stimuli led to increased heart rates. Effect of Conditioned Response on HR A conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning can be defined as a learned response in relation to a previously neutral stimulus (Domjan, Grau, amp; Krause, 2010). It is a learned reflexive response that is evoked when one is exposed to the same response (Schreurs, Smith-Bell, amp; Burhans, 2011). While there has been an increasing acute awareness in relation to the interactions of heart rate with conditioned responses, can heart rates really be altered throughShow MoreRelatedShopping Mall (Research Project)10466 Words   |  42 PagesResearch on Shopping Mall in NCR being submitted to the U.P.TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Business Administration is my own endeavors and it has not been submitted earlier to any institution/university for any degree. Place: Date: ( ) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without the mention of the people whoRead MoreOperation Management of a Garments Factory of Bangladesh11569 Words   |  47 Pagesstarting current job/position at Concord and its effects. 5. To find out Training and Development program/course/ workshop after starting current job/position at Concord and its effects. 6. To determine the need or reason of Any/New/Additional training and development. 7. To find out the training and development employee recommend to this company to build career or to perform task/ job and also support for benefit. 8. To find out the effect or determine usefulness the on your job/currentRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesThis online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visualRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesCongress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Metadata and Its Impact on Libraries Sheila S. Intner, Susan S. Lazinger, and Jean Weihs Organizing Audiovisual and Electronic Resources for Access: A Cataloging Guide, Second Edition Ingrid Hsieh-Yee Introduction to Cataloging and Classification, Tenth Edition Arlene G. Taylor LIbRaRy and InfoRMaTIonRead MoreA Study of Gender Equality at a Workplace in Singapore15000 Words   |  60 Pagesallowed) Q16: In general, do you see any differences when come to job opportunity for the male and the female in Singapore that you are currently working/were last worked in? Q15: In relation to your answer to question (14) above, what could be the reason(s) for the more gender in the management positions? (multiple/additional answers are allowed) Q14: Which of the below best describes the gender of the managerial level and above in your present/last company? Q4: What is the highest level of educationRead MoreDissertation Proposal on Managing Diversity of Workforce18916 Words   |  76 Pages2009 Robert D. Lawsson 215 IDENTIFYING AND MANAGING DIVERSITY OF WORKFORCE Robert D. Lawsson (MSc) Abstract The objective of this work is to complete a research proposal on the comparison of work values for gaining of knowledge for management of the multi-generation workforce. The specific focus is upon Generation ‘X’ and the Millennium Generation which are the two primary groups comprising the new workforce. Lawsson R.D. - Identifying and Managing Diversity of Workforce 216 Business IntelligenceRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreChange Management49917 Words   |  200 PagesMBA –H4010 Organisational Development And Change ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE UNIT – I LEARNING OBJECTIVES The student is expected to learn the following concepts after going through this unit. 1. Change 3. Planned Change 5. Unplanned Change 2. 4. 6. Stimulating Forces Change Agents Lewin’s Three Step Model The change means the alteration of status quo or making things different. It may refer to any alteration which occurs in the overall work environment of an organizationRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesIII-5 NIBCO’s â€Å"Big Bang†: An SAP Implementation CASE STUDY III-6 BAT Taiwan: Implementing SAP for a Strategic Transition CASE STUDY III-7 A Troubled Project at Modern Materials, Inc. CASE STUDY III-8 Purchasing and Implementing a Student Management System at Jefferson County School System CASE STUDY IV-1 The Clarion School for Boys, Inc.– Milwaukee Division: Making Information Systems Investments CASE STUDY IV-2 FastTrack IT Integration for the Sallie Mae Merger CASE

Essay The 2008 Irish Financial Crisis - 526 Words

The 2008–10 Irish financial crisis is a most important political and financial crisis in the Republic of Ireland, consider being responsible for the countrys fall into recession for the first time since the 1980s. The Ireland’s economy expanded rapidly during the Celtic Tiger years due to a low corporate tax rate, low ECB interest rates, and other systemic factors. Ireland has transformed in recent years from an agricultural focus to a modern knowledge economy, focusing on services and high-tech industries and dependent on trade investment. Unemployment decreased from 16% 1994 to 4% in 2000. That was the first time in the full history. The ISEQ general index reached a max out of 10,000 points in April 2007 and fell to 1,987 points, by†¦show more content†¦They didn’t paid mortgage back to the banks. EFFECTS OF THE BANKING CRISIS: Home Prices Collapsed: In the late 2007, the home prices collapsed. When the price of the asset become too high far out of the line with fundamentals, however they must come down, and eventually the housing price bubble burst. Damage Public Interest: Irish crisis resulted in loss of trust in government institutions ant the capitalist economic system. Many of the households’ confidence in the financial system were shaken. Mortgage Default: At November 2010, if one family defaults it will be taken as pariahs. But if 200,000 default they are powerful political constituency. Emigration: The office of central Statistics estimated that in between April, (2009-10) 34,500 people left the county. It was also notable that many of them were Irish people. People move other countries except UK, EU or US. Government Emergency: In October 2008, the Irish government guaranteed all deposits. In 2009, the government had nationalized one of the three largest banks. Irish government injected capital into the other to banks. Student Action: Thousands of students, their parents on November 2011 descended on Dublin from around the country marched on Government building concerns about the reintroduction of third level fees. Other protests: Thousands of people marched against austerity in Dublin. Many labors protested in Dublin. Video game retail companies close their storesShow MoreRelatedThe Irish Financial Crisis Was Both Predictable and Preventable. to What Extent Do You Agree with This Statement?1113 Words   |  5 PagesIrish Financial Crisis has attracted much attention recently. Driven by booms in property and lending, it left the society with massive issues such as high unemployment, insolvent banks and huge government deficit(Kelly, 2010, P1). There are many debate surrounding on whether the crisis could be predicted and prevented. This essay will attempt to demonstrate that Irish Financial Crisis was both predictable and preventable. It will first state that Irish Financial Crisis was predictable through theRead MoreIreland s Financial Disaster1371 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Ireland’s financial disaster shared some things in common with Iceland’s. It was created by sort of men who ignore thei r wives suggestions that maybe they should stop and ask for directions. But while the Icelandic male used foreign money to conquer foreign places (trophy companies in Britain, chunks of Scandinavia etc.) – the Irish male used foreign money to conquer Ireland. Left alone in a dark room with a pile of money, the Irish decided what they really wanted to do with it was buy Ireland.Read MoreIceland s Impact On The Economy1105 Words   |  5 Pagesexchange rate allowed Icelandic government to come up with rapid resolution of its banking crisis without bailing out creditors. Iceland s combination of a flexible exchange rate and a policy of closing its failed banks appears to have served the country well in the aftermath of the financial crisis. Banking crises in Iceland and Ireland came to a head at the height of the financial crisis in September and October 2008. These countries took quite different approaches in dealing with these difficultiesRead MoreFrom Celtic Tiger to the Financial Crisis in Ireland1735 Words   |  7 PagesThe latest history of the Irish economy: from Celtic Tiger to the financial crisisCeltic tiger is a term used to describe the economy of Ireland during a period of rapid economic growth starting in the second part of the 1990s and ending in approximately 2007-2008. During that time Ireland experienced a boom which transformed the country from one of the poorest states in Europe into one of the wealthiest. The term Celtic Tiger was first coined by an Irish economist Morgan Stanley and derives fromRead MoreTaking a Look at Ireland1207 Words   |  5 Pages to move away. The Irish government is sending letters to almost 6,000 unemployed people, asking them to take jobs in other co untries. Although the Irish government is sending these letters, no one is being forced to leave the country. This topic has intreged me and wanting to research more on this country. Bibliography Facts about Ireland | Authentic Ireland Travel. Facts about Ireland | Authentic Ireland Travel. Irish Welcome Tours, n.d. WebRead MoreThe Deregulation and Growth of Financial Markets681 Words   |  3 Pagesderegulation of financial markets and the large flow of capital between countries contributed to vulnerability of the contemporary global financial system. Deregulation is defined as the removal of rules and restrictions, when this occurred within the financial markets it allows financial institutes more freedom, it encouraged new ways of lending and made funds more accessible to lenders. Deregulation has been ongoing in financial markets for more than 30 year, this has allowed financial institutionsRead MoreThe Debt Crisis Of The European Nation1612 Words   |  7 PagesCharmia Graham Professor Owens 9 July 2015 Global Issues Sovereign Debt Crisis in the European Nation The burden of debt in the European Union, especially in Greece and Ireland, is detrimental to the continent s economy and people. Not only is it an issue throughout Europe itself, but it has become a dominant issue in global economics as well. As these European governments struggle to get back on their feet, the fate of the euro is clinging for life. It has become clear of the extremely highRead MoreEssay on Will the European Union Survive?1628 Words   |  7 Pagesdeficits, some at over 100% GDP, which are attached to several EU countries. This European crisis is a continuation of the global financial crisis, but also an issue which was brought upon themselves, largely by Greece. The Greek government funding crisis resulted in the crash of one of the fastest growing eurozone economies, ensuing in large amounts of accumulative debt. This then resulted in the spreading of the crisis beyond Greece, to nations such as Ireland, which didn’t have a particularly stable economyRead MoreThe Global Financial Tsunami During 2007-20091591 Words   |  7 PagesThe Global Financial Tsunami during 2007-2009 is considered as the most serious financial crisis since the second half of the twentieth century, leading to liquidity shortage in the world’s main financial markets, further influencing the real economy, and sending the world into recession. This crisis primarily stemmed from the subprime mortgage crisis in the U.S., which can be interpreted as the banking emergency triggered by the burst of the real estate market bubble, excessive credit, and abuseRead MoreThe Debt Of The Irish Banking System1798 Words   |  8 Pagesproviding cheap credit to both builders and home buyers The total amount of mortgage loans shot up from sixteen billion euros in 2003 to one hundred six billion euros in 2008 (FN). The subprime lending allowed Irish citizens to qualify for loans that would not qualify in normal conditions. The EMU also allowed the Irish financial institut ions to provide mortgages to these homeowners and builders at historically low rates. Many of these loans meant for business ventures were used to make risky investments

Computers in Finance free essay sample

Computers help the finance industry accomplish analysis unheard of years ago. Computers have revolutionized the financial industry and the way finance works by automating complex calculations and providing instant communication and news. The sophisticated way we do business and economics today would have been impossible only a few decades ago, due largely to the impact of computer technology on our ability to make financial decisions. Communication o One of the primary uses of computing power is for communicating remotely and instantly among people and computer networks. This system allows producers of goods to instantly access price information in faraway places and make decisions about where and when to sell. Financial traders, such as stock brokers, can also keep abreast of the stock prices and trade volumes around the world, from the London to the Tokyo exchanges, and to make their own trades based on that information. Simulation o Specialized simulation software packages allow financial analysts to model many possible outcomes in the economy and in business. We will write a custom essay sample on Computers in Finance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For instance, an analyst might describe a 20% probability of an investment making $100,000, a 10% probability of losing $20,000, and the most likely scenario of making between $40,000 and $60,000. The simulation software can then calculate all the most likely scenarios, and make a recommendation as to how much to spend on that investment. Automation Computers can perform automatic calculations, and even automatically retrieve information needed to perform those calculations. For example, Quickbooks or Peachtree accounting software can automatically obtain bank account information and transaction records from a bank, and then perform calculations to show a business owner their current cash, accounts payable, profit and loss, etc. Excel templates automatically perform mathematical calculations and create graphs and charts, allowing financial professionals to understand meaningful data at a glance. Record-Keeping o Before the advent of computers, all financial records were handwritten on paper, or even carved on tablets in ancient times. Having financial records is essential for determining who is in debt to whom, how much is owed in taxes, how much money is on deposit at a bank, and so on. Computers can store millions of documents in a very small space, allowing us to keep more in-depth records about more transactions, without taking up nearly so much physical space. http://www. ehow. com/list_5977247_roles-computer-finance. html

Organizational Behavior free essay sample

The purposes of this paper to describe what I believe are important elements of organizational behavior and how these elements can challenge the effectiveness of a private security agency. â€Å"Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations. It does this by taking a system approach. That is it interprets people- organization relationships in terms of the whole person, whole organization, and whole social system. Its purpose is to build better relationships by achieving human objectives, organizational objectives, and social objectives† (Scribd, 2013). Organizational Behavior Paper In the criminal justice system and private security agency establish important matter with an effective organizational behavior to operate their job duties correctly. In private security agency their ultimate objective and goals is to target organization to satisfy a customers, need, want, and demand in a successful matter. Private security have these combine elements to build framework or model to the company to organize and operate from. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Managers in private security have organizational behavior in the company to help him or her on making decision, direct attitude of employees, allocating resources, perform range of activities, and replacing institution with systematic study. Private security agency manager and supervisor achieve his or her goals by communicating any human behavior work using common language. Managers need to focus and predict which employees are productive and dedicated workers as well which employees lack his or her job duties. Private security manager task is preventing this action from happening in his or her company. The responsibility of each manager in each site of private security is to have an impact in the performance outcome of hos or  her employees. Private security managers’ pursuits and monitor employees behavior skills development, team effort, and productivity. In every company there going to be a diversity with people when working together because of different background and cultural values. Another thing to keep in mind when working with different people is everyone has his or her own personalities, point of view, and what work for one may not work for the other person. One person can work hard, persistence, and strict with his or her job duties as for other he or she may not be as serious with his or her part in the company. These factors should not affect the way employees’ environmental workplace. He or she should be able to comply with his or her job duties with effectiveness and efficiently. There is a variety of challenges private security agency face in his or her company. The managers need to step in to be persistence and reduce employee turnover rate. Some employees may not want stay in the company when manager change the policy or the way he or she act toward the problem the company face with employees behavior. Some managers need to be carefully because he or she does not want to lose employees because of the turnover of the organization. Other challenges are the benefit private security managers retrieve from employees’ motivation of the organization, better growth, job performance, job satisfaction, self-actualization, performance of organization, less absenteeism, turnover, grievance, human resources for society, society trust, and perform his or her job duties without any behavior problem. Conclusion In conclusion people behavior is generally predictable if we know how the person perceived the situation and what is important to him or her. Managers need to observe closely his or her employees behavior because managers does not perceive the environment in the same way as employees’ his or her behavior can be non-rational. Employees are different as well if he or she is working together in the same position employees would work and act differently. Private security manager has to develop a fundamental respond that underline the way each employee’s behavior is within the company. Organization behavior helps managers predict employees’ behavior, reform them, and remove undesired behavior. Private security management deals with people organizational behavior studies helps to manage these people in a systematic way.Organization behavior should be in place in all departments  in the criminal justice system and private security agency to have a work free, safe, and behavior environment with employees, customers, society, community, social group, and social organizations. Organizational Behavior free essay sample Although some argue that OB-Mod it is a form of managerial manipulation and unethical, behavior modification aimed at increasing productivity is aimed at meeting the organizational goals and mission. Therefore, it could be argues that it is not unethical, but just good business practice. For example, this approach to motivation and dealing with problem behaviors is based on the application of learning theory to people in the workplace. This hardly seems unethical since it is used in schools and therapy regularly to change problem behaviors. However, it does limited the freedom of choice for the employees, so in this sense, it can be considered some form of managerial modification. Whether a person accepts reinforcement theory or not, will determine if you consider it a form of manipulation. Reinforcement theory holds that a desirable behavior can be increased by linking that behavior with positive outcomes, while undesirable behaviors can be decreased by linking them with negative consequences or by eliminating reinforces. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although it is sometimes eferred to as manipulation (and therefore unethical), the advantage of this approach is that it focuses on specific behaviors in the workplace and is thus performance based. It also, at least to some degree, avoids sensitive personal counseling issues in a persons personal life, by focusing on what needs to be done to improve performance. Finally, it provides a clear structure and consequences to employees that encourage them to change in an observable way in a structured time frame (http://faculty. ss. edu/dswenson/web/OB/obmod. html). There has been some reported effectiveness of OB-Mod. For example, B. F. Goodrich has used OB-Mod to increase productivity by more than 300%, and Weyerhauser increased productivity in three different groups by 8%. However, a program initiated by Standard Oil of Ohio was discontinued due to failure to meet objectives, and A Michigan Bell program was considered only modestly successful. However, it is not always successful, because managers cannot find enough reinforcers at times. Perhaps there is a better way to influence and motivate employee behavior in a more open manner. Selling the vision, inclusion, open communication to name a few, have also shown to be highly effective in motivating employees.

Uncitral Model Law Essay Example

Uncitral Model Law Essay Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal Volume 3 | Issue 3 Article 5 4-6-2012 UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation: From a Topic of Possible Discussion to Approval by the General Assembly Robert N. Dobbins Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons. pepperdine. edu/drlj Part of the Commercial Law Commons, Dispute Resolution and Arbitration Commons, International Law Commons, International Trade Commons, Legislation Commons, Other Law Commons, and the Remedies Commons Recommended Citation Dobbins, Robert N. 2003) UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation: From a Topic of Possible Discussion to Approval by the General Assembly , Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal: Vol. 3: Iss. 3, Article 5. Available at: http://digitalcommons. pepperdine. edu/drlj/vol3/iss3/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal by an authorized administrator of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact Kevin. [emailprotected] du. Dobbins: UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation: From UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation: From a Topic of Possible Discussion to Approval by the General Assembly Robert N. Dobbins As has often been the case for this virtually unsung Commission of the United Nations, with little fanfare outside the United Nations earlier this year the General Assembly formally adopted the Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation (the Model Law) created by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL; also the Commission). We will write a custom essay sample on Uncitral Model Law specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Uncitral Model Law specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Uncitral Model Law specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Readers should not misconstrue the quietude as something indicative of insignificance. The Model Law is landmark legislation in this age of globalization, providing a solid foundation on which UN Member States and businesses can build international commercial relationships with the comfort of knowing that they can control the outcome of the inevitable future disputes. By no means a Pulitzer Prize winner, for those interested enough to inquire, the story of the creation of the Model Law is remarkable. The purpose of this Note is to give a snapshot of how, what began in the shadow of Arbitration as a possible work topic considered by the Commission . . . Conciliation, in the space of two and one-half years be- came the Model Law. As a secondary and intentional focus of this note, this author (conceding his own bias) hopes to allow the Secretariat of UNCITRAL to enjoy its well-deserved moment in the spotlight for its monumental efforts in the creation of the Model Law. In the first section of this Note, we will review the structure of the Secretariat the working arm of the Commission. Here we will also examine the Working Group the representatives of Member States and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) who helped to craft the wording and the spirit of the Model Law. The second section will discuss some of the background to the actual process by which the Model Law went from the Commissions suggested 1. Report of the Working Group on Arbitration on the Work of Its Thirty-Second Session (Vienna, 20-31 March 2000), United Nations Commission on International Trade Law A/cn. 9/ 468 (10 April 2000) [Working Group Report 468J. Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2003 1 Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, Vol. 3 [2003], Iss. 3, Art. 5 work topic to approval by the General Assembly. In this section we will begin with a short introduction to the concept of a model law a uniform legislative text intended as a tool for stabilization in its assigned subject. We will also consider the shadow of arbitration from which the Model Law emerged and can be recognized as covering a subject conciliation wholly distinguishable from arbitration. In the third section, we will explore the evolution of the Model Law. We will follow the progress of what began as a possible topic for consideration and, after extensive debate, negotiations, and redrafting, found its way to the final draft. We conclude in the fourth section with a discussion of the final draft how, in one and one-half years, the Secretariat and the Working Group had developed the Model Law and readied it for delivery to the Commission. This section ends with the words of the General Assembly acknowledging the Commissions remarkable achievement as it adopted the Model Law. I. THE SECRETARIAT AND THE WORKING GROUP: WHERE THE WORK GETS DONE Based in the magnificent city of Vienna, Austria, the Secretariat is the hard-working arm of the Commission responsible for taking from idea to fruition the concepts identified by the Commission as important to international trade law. The Secretariats under-staffed senior lawyers from 2 several different countries, taking directions from the Working Groups, prepare the draft provisions and working paper reports for the Working Group. The Secretariat also delivers the Report of the Working Group to the Commission. The Commission entrusted the work on the Model Law to the Working Group on Arbitration (which later became the Working Group on Arbitration and Conciliation [the Working Group]) with directions to the Secretariat to prepare the necessary documentation. Besides the Secretariat, the Working Group participants occupy three tiers: States Members of the Commission; 3 States observers; 4 and, observers from interna2. With apologies to the Secretariat for what may appear to be short shrift, a full discussion of its valuable service is beyond the scope of this note. As of this writing, the Secretariat oversees six Working Groups, including Arbitration and Conciliation: Publicly Financed Infrastructure Projects; Transport Law; Electronic Commerce; Insolvency; and, Security Interests. 3. At its inception, these were: Austria, Cameroon, China, Colombia, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Honduras, India, Islamic Republic of Iran, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Mexico, Nigeria, Russian Federation, Singapore, Spain, Sudan, Thailand, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America. ttp://digitalcommons. pepperdine. edu/drlj/vol3/iss3/5 2 Dobbins: UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation: From [Vol. 3: 529, 2003] PEPPERDINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION LAW JOURNAL tional organizations. 5 The Working Group met twice annually, once in Vienna and then in New York City. 6 The meetings are conducted quite formally: a Chair and Rapporteur are elected, an agenda adopted, and discussion among Working Group participants i s conducted by recognition from the Chair. Sessions are conducted in English with real time translations into French, Russian, Chinese, Arabic, and Spanish. All proceedings are recorded, except for the frequent and fascinating behind-the-scenes discussions held off the record. At the end of each days session, the Secretariat prepares comprehensive working paper reports of the proceedings, presents the reports to the translators, and has the reports ready for distribution before the next mornings session begins. Boiled down to their essence, the working paper reports state the proposed legislative provisions, including alternative wording, and reflect the Working Groups deliberations and conclusions had during the session regarding each provision and alternative. 7 The report serves as the starting point for the next days session, and the basis for the final report produced at the end of the two-week session. THE CONCEPT OF A MODEL LAW Before we examine the evolution of the Model Law, a brief explanation of the concept of a model law is useful. The term refers to a form of legislative text. The text is designed so that it can be adopted in total, without modification, by Member States legislatures, at which point it 4. The States Members sit on a rotating basis and, when not represented on the Commission, rotate into observer status. These were originally representatives from: Argentina, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Indonesia, Lebanon, Morocco, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and Venezuela. . Though no less active participants, the NGO-observers were: Economic Commission for Europe; NAFTA Article 2022 Advisory Committee; Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague; Cairo Regional Centre for International Commercial Arbitration; Chartered Institute of Arbitrators; International Chamber of Commerce (ICC); and the International Federation of Commercial Arbitration Institutions. 6. Most likely attributable to budge t constraints, the Working Group now meets only once per year. 7. For an example of this, go to www. uncitral. rg, click on travaux preparatoires,click on UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation, scroll down to Working Group Reports, then click on any or all of the four that are listed. Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2003 3 Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, Vol. 3 [2003], Iss. 3, Art. 5 would become the law of that State; hence the term model. The legislative provisions are crafted so that they can be adapted to fit within the Member States legislative and procedural framework. It can also be referred to in commercial contracts as the law to be applied in the event of a dispute. The underlying philosophy is to afford stability and advancement of international commerce through uniformity. 8 II. IN THE SHADOW OF ARBITRATIONP If you have been with us since the beginning of this note, you have twice read the phrase in the shadow of arbitration. Given its importance to the evolution of the Model Law, let us set this phrase in context. As noted above, the Working Group began as the Working Group on Arbitration. The States Members, States and NGO observers are, in large part, those who created the globally recognized and highly respected UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. The Commissions view that conciliation may be merely an extension of international arbitration was apparent. It was thought that, the initial Commission Report states, even if ultimately no new uniform text would be prepared, an in-depth discussion by delegates from all major legal social and economic systems represented in the Commission, possibly with suggestions for un iform interpretation would be a useful contribution to 0 the practice of international commercial arbitration. 1 This arbitration shadow both fostered and framed the debate on the Model Laws provisions. Fortunately, Working Group participants comments made on and off the record provided continuing reminders that conciliation is and must be treated as a process fundamentally distinguishable from arbitration. 8. International commerce contemplates State-to-State transactions, State-to-private business transactions, and business-to-business transactions. In the right situation, the term can include business-to-consumer transactions. Each type of transaction occurs in the international arena, the term international ultimately being defined in the Model Law (see Article 1). 9. To review the Arbitration Model Law, go to www. uncitral. org, click on approved text, then click on UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. You can also find there the Guide to Enactment, which discusses the letter and spirit of the model legislation. Note also, for examples, the NGO observers and the head of the United States delegation Howard Holtzman, considered to be an icon in (if not a founding father of) international commercial arbitration. 10. Working Group Report 468, supra, note 1. http://digitalcommons. pepperdine. edu/drlj/vol3/iss3/5 4 Dobbins: UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation: From [Vol. 3: 529, 2003] PEPPERDINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION LAW JOURNAL III. THE MODEL LAW EVOLVES We have a snapshot of the Secretariat and have been exposed to the make up of the Working Group. We have a notion of the concept of a model law and an understanding that the Model Law emerged from the shadow of arbitration. Let us look now at the Model Laws evolution. As a foundation for its considerations, the Working Group acknowledged the growing use of conciliation as a process of choice for resolving commercial disputes. Intending conciliation and mediation as synonymous terms, the Working Group confirmed . . . that the use of such non- contentious methods of dealing with disputes deserved to be promoted and that the work of the Commission in the area should be geared to such promotion. They also wanted the picture of conciliation to be painted with the broadest brush to encompass an array of proceedings where the parties sought assistance from an independent and impartial third person to help the disputants reach an amicable settlement. Confirming that the process contemplated was a non-binding method of dispute resolution, the Working Group recognized that procedural techniques used to facilitate settlement and the expressions used to refer to the proceedings (for example, mediation) may differ. Whatever the form of text to be prepared (legislative or non-legislative), and by whatever name the process might be called, the consensus was to limit the context to commercial disputes. Similarly, the Working Group was clear that the overriding proposition throughout their deliberations was that party autonomy throughout the dispute resolution process was paramount. The Working Group had as a backdrop the previously-adopted UNCITRAL Conciliation Rules. 2 Though more procedural, the Conciliation Rules provided a frame of reference for the Working Groups substantive considerations as it began development of the Model Laws structure. At the outset, concerns were raised regarding confidentiality of information disclosed by the parties during the proceeding. Couched in terms of admissibility of certain evidence in subsequent judicial or arbitral proceedings, the Working Group recognized this fundamental aspect of con11. Id. 12. UNCITRAL Conciliation Rules (1980); Resolution 35/52 Adopted by the General Assembly on 4 December 1980. Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2003 5 Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, Vol. 3 [2003], Iss. 3, Art. 5 ciliation. Their aim was to prevent a spillover of information into subsequent judicial or arbitration proceedings. As to cases where the parties have not agreed on a rule [governing confidentiality] the Working Group suggested, . . . he model provision should state that it was an implied term of an agreement to conciliate that the parties undertook not to rely in any subsequent arbitral or judicial proceedings on evidence of the types of facts to be specified in the model provision. 3 In their initial considerations, the Working Group was also concerned with issues relating to the role of the conciliator: could she subsequently serve as arbitrator, as a party representative in a subsequent proceeding, or as a witness in a later dispute? Other topics viewed as important included questions relating to enforceability of settlement agreements reached in conciliation; whether it was appropriate for a sitting arbitrator to assume a role of conciliator during the arbitration; what effect would proceeding with conciliation have on the running of limitation and prescription periods; should provisions be made that would treat conciliation agreements as binding; and, were there guiding principles of conciliation proceedings that needed to be articulated in any uniform provisions. There was also concern raised over whether the Working Group should attempt to draft a conciliators code of ethics . . . to build confidence in the conciliation process by distilling issues 4from the best traditions and openly enunciating standards of practice. Lest we lose sight of where we are, the preceding discussion in this section addressed only the starting point for the Working Group as of March 2000. As of this writing, we are a mere three years later, with the Model Law having been approved by the Commission and adopted by the General Assembly. When the Working Group met in March 2000, the Secretariat had not yet been given the task of beginning the draft legislative provisions. Working Group sessions only occurred approximately every six months, and the final draft of the Model Law was agreed upon in November 2001. In other words, in three sessions over a year and a half, the Working Group and the Secretariat met its Herculean challenge of creating the Model Law. To put this in context, after the March 2000 session, the Secretariat commenced drafting the initial legislative provisions. Over the ten days of the next Working Group meeting six months later, they debated the draft provisions, directing the Secretariat to make changes, additions, deletions, 13. 14. Working Group Report 468, supra note 1. Id. http://digitalcommons. pepperdine. edu/drlj/vol3/iss3/5 6 Dobbins: UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation: From [Vol. 3: 529, 2003] PEPPERDINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION LAW JOURNAL and providing insight into the philosophical and practical thinking upon which the provisions were based. The Secretariat then had only another six months to re-draft and have ready well in advance of the next Working Group meeting the working paper containing the revised provisions and the detailed discussion of the basis upon which these provisions were created. Moving forward to March 2001, again, a ten day extensive debate; again, daily preparation of reports; and again, a Report prepared by the Secretariat and adopted by the Working Group reflecting the progress on what had become apparent would be UNCITRALs next model law. In case the reader may think this authors use of the term Herculean was a bit melodramatic, let us not forget the Secretariats and Working Groups task. Think about it a moment: we are dealing with a concept neither generally recognized, understood, nor accepted as a means of resolving international commercial disputes. Working Group participants represent constituencies with as broad and diverse perspectives and experiences as are found in the global marketplace. On one end of the spectrum is the developing Third World Country, with little if any stabilized legal system let alone alternative dispute resolution procedures; on the other end, are the dominant and sophisticated economies of the US, the UK, and others. And, let us not overlook the impact of the NGOs perspective, and the influence from the shadow of arbitration. More than 50 participants trying to create a universally acceptable and uniform Model Law governing international commercial conciliation; melodramatic or not, the task was Herculean. The final version of the Model Law restructured, consolidated and removed provisions found in the first draft. 5 Party autonomy throughout the process continued to be a dominant theme. The development of confidentiality and the role of the conciliator reflected the importance to the Working Group of these two aspects of the Model Law. Refinements were made to assure a clear understanding of the concept of internationality, to guide the parties in their effort to determine the place for the conciliation proceeding, and to provide an expansive definition of conciliation to assure the broadest application of the Model Law. Significant debate was 15. For a more comprehensive review of the development of the final draft, see the Report of the Working Group on the Work of Its Thirty-Fifth Session; UNCITRAL document A/cn. 9/ 506. Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2003 7 Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, Vol. 3 [2003], Iss. 3, Art. 5 had on provisions designed to address the enforceability of settlement agreements borne of the conciliation. The Working Group had extensive discussions on the issue of if and how a conciliation would effect the running of the statute of limitations. In continued deference to assuring that parties control the conciliation process, provision was made for them to vary or exclude portions of the Model Law. Extensive discussion, drafting and re-drafting were had to address concerns about the use of information obtained during a conciliation in subsequent proceedings. And if there was not enough drafting and debate going on, the Secretariat, at the behest of the Working Group, also prepared its Guide to Enactment and Use of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation. Finally, the Secretariat and the Working Group were ready for the final push. IV. THE FINAL DRAFT, ADOPTION BY THE COMMISSION THE IMPRIMATUR OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY The on-the-record debate is concluded, the discussion in the hallways and the quiet negotiations over lunch, dinner, cocktails are behind them, and the final draft Model Law meets the approval of the Working Group at the end of its November 2001 session. To get there, a drafting group met daily, often-times more than once and into the evening, working with the Secretariat to formulate language for the various provisions to be considered by the Working Group. During the time leading up to the eventful November session, the Secretariat prepared the draft Guide to Enactment and Use of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation. As stated in its preamble, this comprehensive document was created as background and explanatory material. In large part derived from the travaux preparatoires, [t]he Guide explains why the provisions in the Model Law have been included as essential basic features of a statutory device designed to achieve the objec6 tives of the Model Law. 1 The Guide states, In preparing and adopting model legislative provisions on international commercial conciliation, the .. .Commission was mindful that such provisions would be a more effective tool for States modernizing their legislation if accompanied by background and explanatory information. The Commission was also aware of the likelihood that the model provisions would be used in a number of States with limited familiarity with conciliation as a method of dispute settlement. Primarily directed to executive branches of Governments 16. Draft Guide to Enactment and Use of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation; A/cn. 9/514 (27 May 2002). http://digitalcommons. pepperdine. edu/drlj/vol3/iss3/5 8 Dobbins: UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation: From [Vol. 3: 529, 2003] PEPPERDINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION LAW JOURNAL and legislators preparing the necessary legislative revisions, the information provided in this Guide should also provide useful insight to other users of the text, including commer7 cial parties, practitioners, academics and judges. Prepared by the Secretariat, the Guide discusses issues left unsettled in the Model Law, recognizing that some provisions may need modifying to conform the Model Law to particular legal traditions and nuances of a State contemplating adoption of the Law. Following the Working Groups approval of the language for the final draft Model Law and the Guide to Enactment and Use, the Secretariat set upon the task of preparing the final Report o f the Working Group the vehicle by which the Model Law would be presented to the Commission. This included preparing the Compilation of comments by Governments and International Organizations, 18 these comments having been received after the Secretariat circulated the approved Draft Model Law. In June 2002, the Commission approved and adopted the Model Law and Guide to Enactment and Use as submitted in the Secretariats Report. From there, the Model Law found its way to and surmounted its last hurdle adoption by the General Assembly. At its 5 2 nd Plenary Meeting, 19 November 2002, the General Assembly adopted the following resolution, to which was annexed the approved Model Law: The General Assembly, Recognizing the value for international trade of methods for settling commercial disputes in which the parties in dispute request a third person or persons to assist them in their attempt to settle the dispute amicably, Noting that such dispute settlement methods, referred to by expressions such as conciliation and mediation and expressions of similar import, are increasingly used in international and domestic commercial practice as an alternative to litigation, Considering that the use of such dispute settlement methods results in significant benefits, such as reducing the instances where a dispute leads to the termination of a commercial relationship, facilitating the administration of international transactions by commercial parties and producing savings in the administration of justice by States, 17. 18. Id. UNCITRAL document A/cn. 9/513 Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2003 9 Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, Vol. 3 [2003], Iss. 3, Art. 5 Convinced that the establishment of model legislation on these methods that is acceptable to States with different legal, social and economic systems would contribute to the development of harmonious international economic relations, Noting with satisfaction the completion and adoption by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law of the Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation, Believing that the Model Law will significantly assist States in enhancing their legislation governing the use f modem conciliation or mediation techniques and in formulating such legislation where none currently exists, Noting that the preparation of the Model Law was the subject of due deliberation and extensive consultations with Governments and interested circles, Convinced that the Model Law, together with the Conciliation Rules r ecommended by the General Assembly in its resolution 35/52 of 4 December 1980, contributes significantly to the establishment of a harmonized legal framework for the fair and efficient settlement of disputes arising in international commercial relations, 1. Expresses its appreciation to the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law for completing and adopting the Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation, the text of which is contained in the annex to the present resolution, and for preparing the Guide to Enactment and Use of the Model Law; 2. Requests the Secretary-General to make all efforts to ensure that the Model Law, together with its Guide to Enactment, becomes generally known and available; 3. Recommends that all States give due consideration to the enactment of the Model Law, in view of the desirability of uniformity of the law of dispute settlement 9 procedures and the specific needs of international commercial conciliation practice. CONCLUSION The Model Law, as amplified by the Guide, gives testimony to the vision of the Commission, the Working Group and the Secretariat. The use of dispute resolution processes that empower the parties to find their own settlement especially conciliation or mediation is rapidly ascending. What this author has tried to do in this Note is give the reader a glimpse of development of the Model Law groundbreaking legislation of international magnitude that fundamentally contributes to stability in the global marketplace. It seems appropriate to conclude with the words from the presiding legal officer of the Secretariat. When asked about the Model Law, Jernej Sekolec commented, The UNCITRAL process provides universal applicability. The Model Law is prepared and approved by consensus of representatives from across the spectrum. In part, this makes the Model Law significant in international commercial dispute resolution. 19. Resolution adopted by the United Nations General Assembly; document A/res/57/18.

7Heaven Technology Management Strategies

7Heaven Technology Management Strategies Introduction Innovative technology is one of the most highly appreciated and developing industries in the world. Having achieved many goals, it is essential to consider the fact that this industry is too young and it needs a lot of achievement and other specific inventions in the future. Looking at the UAE and the companies located there, it may be said that this country is one of the most occupied by the IT technologically directed organizations.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on 7Heaven Technology Management Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Basing its business in UAE, many corporations offer outsourcing and IT solutions for the business needs all over the world. Speaking about the demand on such services, it should be remembered that modern world is impossible without innovative technologies, the Internet has occupied all the spheres and industries, therefore, the innovative technologies and the compani es which help to cope with the appeared problems are the essential parts of human life. The Company Overview and the Industry 7Heaven Technology is the company which offers innovative products and services for use as well as outsourcing for the world companies. 7Heaven Technology offers services, products, and delivers outsourcing. Loyaltimate, Pro-Man, and eZ-Mall are the products offered by the company. The services the company offers are business solutions development, website development and website and SaaS hosting. The outsourcing services offered by the company are book keeping and auditing, hardware, networking and AMC, and IT offshore services. Being the central services of the company, they create deserving competition in the industry. 7Heaven Technology is the corporation which unites many smaller companies which are responsible for its own sphere. It is essential to remember that the innovative technology industry is developing one and there are a lot of companies which serve at the market with the same products and services. To be the best, 7Heaven Technology has to apply to various strategies which are essential for the company and its further leading in the industry. Many companies have understood that it is cheaper to outsource some particular IT services than to produce them personally. Inventory management system, quick invoice management system, and quick and easy accounting solution are the services 7Heaven Technology offers. The company was launched in 2011 in UAE, and since that time the 7Heaven Technology has become the leader in the service delivery in the Middle Eastern market (7Heaven Technology). The industry of IT technologies is developing. There are a lot of various companies which offer different services and there are even more those which are ready to consume those services. Speaking about UAE and IT industry, it may be concluded that the sale of IT products have increased in comparison to the previous year (Dubai’s IT m arket has grown to AED 113 billion in 2011). Even though many companies still recover from crisis, other corporations refer to outsourcing of the IT technologies as it is cheaper and more profitable.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Key Competitors Having conducted a thorough research in the industry, it may be concluded that 7Heaven Technology has several rivals, Exceed IT Services and DIC are some of them. Looking at the situation in UAE, it should be mentioned that the impressive expansion in Dubai of the IT industry and the increase of the number of the companies which offer these services are the main characteristics of the region. Data storage and processing are the central competing issues in UAE and companies strive for consumers. The increase of the competition might create serious problems for the company, however, the specific measures were taken. To r emain equally useful companies with particular consumers and profitable income, the Dubai Outsource Zone was established with the purpose â€Å"to take advantage of the growing potential the segment offers† (UAE: Dubai Outsourcing IT Industry). One of the main strengthens of the company among its competitors is its wide range of services. Turning to 7Heaven Technology, clients are eager to find all the necessary IT services and products which may be necessary. Effective use of business technology is the main criteria of the company advantage. Company Business Excellence and Quality Management Strategy Speaking about business excellence of 7Heaven Technology, it is important to define the term. Business excellence is the notion which characterizes various business models and processes which support the company goal to achieve success in performance. Quality management strategy is a particular strategy aimed at understanding the specifics of the company strategy which presuppos es completing excellent business. It is obvious that all these processes are dependant, and if the company fails to deal with one process successfully, it is impossible to wait for the best outcome. Quality management is based on three specific principles, people, consumer, and process orientation. Quality management is directed at the activities which ensure â€Å"continuous improvement of the performance of the company† and create the conditions â€Å"needed in order to satisfy the stakeholders in the company by providing excellent performance and results† (Pfeifer 41). Analyzing 7Heaven Technology from the point of view business excellence and quality management, it is important to check how the company deals with its customers, what the processes are and how they are completed. After that the recommendations may be offered in the sphere under discussion.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on 7Heaven Technology Management Strategies specifical ly for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As it has already been stated the company deals with three directions, services, products and outsourcing. Each of these spheres is interconnected with each other as the outsourcing and services are based on the IT technologies and products offered by the company. Providing its services, 7Heaven Technology applied to the Loyalty Program to retain existing consumers and to attract new ones. Additionally, this Loyalty Program allows the company to understand the buying behavior of customers and sell the issues which they want to buy. Additionally, being the part of the quality management, Loyalty Program is aimed at attracting new vendors and promoting their brands (7Heaven Technology). Offering customers Property Management Software Pro-Man, the company tries to assure that the companies work effectively. 7Heavenn Technology offers several packages depending on the customers’ needs. eZ-Mall is â€Å"a complete s olution for Mall Management Companies to setup and manage their operations based on industry standard processes† (7Heaven Technology). To make sure that the company pursues business excellence, it is important to consider its relation to the customers. The mission of the 7Heavenn Technology is to satisfy the needs of clients. Key Resources and Capabilities The key resources of the company lie in the innovative technologies and their appropriate use. Applying to the safety of the company, it should be stated that 7Heaven Technology is driven by the creativity o its staff, therefore the employees in the company are highly apprised. It is also essential to say that the company pursues the goal to complete task with minimal expense. This is one of the leading outsourcing issues which are considered as the most important ones. However, sometimes the problem of quality appears. Therefore, it is essential to remember about the pieces of advice in relation to company quality managemen t and business excellence which are going to be discussed. Distinctive Competencies and Potential Sources of Sustainable Competitive Advantage Dwelling upon the advantages of the company, it is important to remember the loyalty program, fast and quality service delivery, immediate and professional feedback. The company’s priority before other companies lies in the fusion on the services and products. 7Heavenn Technology does not offer one particular product or services, it offers many services and many products along with outsourcing facilities.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, turning to the company, a consumer may get the full package of services one needs. The distinctive competencies of the 7Heavenn Technology is its guarantee of the security of customer’s information. Offering book keeping and auditing the company makes sure that all the data the clients provide the company with are going to be highly secured. So, respect to the customers and the ability to meet their needs along with the specific information security strategies are the main priorities of 7Heavenn Technology. Recommendations To achieve the business excellence, the company is to pay attention to its weaknesses and to use its strengths in dealing with them. Having considered the company competitors, resources and strategies used for company management, it is possible to recommend referring to the EFQM Excellence Model. The main idea of this strategy lies in outsourcing the management practices which are based on eight fundamental concepts. Here is an analysis of these concepts from the point of view of the company strategy and the recommendations to the company further actions. The company should achieve balanced results. Offering services, products and outsourcing facilities, the company should make sure that the demand on these specific issues is balanced. Furthermore, the company should add value to the consumers. There are many strategies aimed at completing this task. The company should pay more attention at promoting and advertising on order to complete this stage. Furthermore, it is important to remain a leading company with vision, inspiration and integrity. Being an IT corporation which depends on the creativity of human resources, it is essential to be the leader in the industry as the innovations change and the first company which has managed to invent something new gets a prize, more customers. It may be stated that some of the concepts of the EFQM Excellence Model are met which helps to draw a conclusion that the company is on the co rrect way, still, it needs some particular changes to be made. 7Heaven Technology is an IT company, therefore, the concept of managing by processes is followed. The company also succeeds through people as human resource is one of the main parameter in successful work of the company. Nurturing creativity and innovation are the most essential processes in the company management, therefore, these concepts are met. However, the company should encourage employees for more and better work. Creativity is an inevitable aspect of the work, the company must be creative to be able to serve its customers and offer them constantly new services which are going to be useful to them. The company builds partnerships as it is too difficult to offer outsourcing services individually. The company should be guaranteed by support from other corporations in order to secure itself from customer dissatisfaction and to make sure that it has all the necessary resources for completing the task. 7Heaven Technol ogy is responsible for its sustainable future as it has a desire to develop and increase its consumer base (Hakes 255). 7Heaven Technology company presents its services in IT industry, therefore, fast and quality delivery of the services and immediate reaction if any problem appears is an obligation for the company. The company managers understand that in case all the processes work successfully, the particular needs of the quality management are met as well as requirements of the business excellence. Conclusion Therefore, it should be concluded that 7Heavenn Technology is a relatively new company which has managed to gain positive image in the IT industry and the attention of the clients. However, in the highly competitive environment, it has many rivals and to cope with them the company should change some strategies. Quality management and business excellence models discussed above are the most effective ones as on the one hand, they help organize the work of the company on an app ropriate level and on the other hand, it assists the customers and meeting their needs. The recommendations offered for the further company development are to be followed, otherwise, it is going to be difficult to for 7Heaven Technology to position themselves at the Eastern market and to become serious competitors to the enterprise which have been developing in the industry for many years and who have already got regular customers and who feel secured in the competitive world. â€Å"7Heaven Technology.† 2012. Web. 7heaventech.com/ â€Å"Dubai’s IT market has grown to AED 113 billion in 2011.† Dubai Chamber. 18 Dec. 2012. Web. dubaichamber.com/whats-happening/chamber_news/dubai%E2%80%99s-it-market-has-grown-to-aed-113-billion-in-2011 Hakes, Chris. The EFQM Excellence Model to Assess Organizational Performance: A Management Guide. New Jersey: Van Haren Publishing, 2007. Print. Pfeifer, Tilo. Quality Management. New Jersey: Hanser Verlag, 2002. Print. â€Å"UAE: Dubai Outsourcing IT Industry.† Global Arab Network, 31 March 2011. Web.

Ch2 Literature Review of faculty attitudes towered e-learning Dissertation

Ch2 Literature Review of faculty attitudes towered e-learning - Dissertation Example Faculty attitudes are often perceived to be amongst the main sources that lead towards change efforts in academic programs. There are some studies that reveal that faculty development programs make faculty members to become prone to adopt only such changes that they feel are crucial or desired (Costa, McPhail, Smith, and Brisk, 2005, p. 105). Given that e-learning has been made possible because of new technology, its efficient use is dependent upon positive attitude being adopted by faculty members. There will be more meaningful incentive for using e-learning if faculty attitudes become positive (Liaw Huang, & Chen, 2007). There may be initial reluctance on the part of faculty members to adopt new teaching styles in view of the massive effort that has to be made in adapting to them. It is in this context that there is increasing demand to alter the negative attitudes towards using e-learning amongst faculty members. Only in this way can e-learning teaching requirements be fulfilled. The threats associated with this new style of teaching and technology does not mean that the dangers and risks associated with this system should be ignored. ... According to Magnussen (2008), it has become very important to adopt e-learning as a meaningful option for teaching because of the change towards philosophical concepts through which educators are viewed. They are not considered as distributors of educational content but as facilitators of learning. Bai and Ertmer (2004) have held that faculty attitude towards technology can be made better by integrating the available technology with course work provided to faculty members. A significant aspect in this regard is that faculty members can teach in the same way as they have been educated. It is very true that computer proficiency cannot be transferred to learners until faculty members adopt positive attitude towards e-learning (Yildirim, 2000, p. 481). Liaw (2006) has raised questions if learning institutions will be able to meet the requirements of a diverse student population and transforming societies. Mahdizadeh, Biemans, and Mulder (2007) researched on Perceived self-efficacy of fa culty attitudes toward e-learning and found that the use of e-learning by instructors is explained largely in terms of their perceptions about the value they get from e-learning systems. The concept of computer self efficacy is derived from Bandura’s (1986) self-efficacy construct that relates to a person’s ability to use computers. Perceived enjoyment is defined as ‘‘the extent to which the activity of using a specific system is perceived to be enjoyable in it’s own right, aside from any performance consequences resulting from system use† (Venkatesh, 2000, p.343) Perceived enjoyment is the inherent motivation that has a strong

1.Was the British Empire a force for good Essay

1.Was the British Empire a force for good - Essay Example nostalgia for a more civilized and benign Greater Britain through television programs, such as, This Sceptred Isle and Empire’s Children, while print critics openly condemn it as a blood-stained autocracy (Brendon, 2007). Historian Lawrence James argues, ‘ploughing a familiar furrow,’ but we should always be proud of the Empire that established stability, progress, and beneficial institutions in colonies. In this research paper, I tried to define British Empire’s role as good or bad and conclude that it was neither good nor bad, but complicated. One must argue that why there is controversy about it. Mainly, vast range of British Empire and its lasting impact epitomizes a period in which all of the non-Europeans were dominated by Europeans. Another reason for controversy about Empire is its vastness that defies simple summary, and therefore, perspectives on it also vary outrageously. It is possible for Empire’s admirers or opponents to pick some examples in order to prove that British rule, by and large, was good or bad, and its legacies as beneficent or demonic. Some assert that it was an engine of modernization, while others believe that it was a vehicle of exploitation (Jackson, 2013, p.4). As decolonization of European Empires precipitated in the 1960s, Jean-Paul Sartre wrote that, â€Å"†¦It was nothing but an ideology of lies, a perfect justification for pillage; its honeyed words, its affection of sensibility were only alibis for our aggressions† (cited in Jackson, 2013, p.4) while Niall Ferguson ar gues that British Empire was better than the other empires from the same period. The record of British Empire is not untarnished by any means, but it gave us global trade and the rule of law (cited in Jackson, 2013, p.4). In an effort to explore Empire’s credits, one may lead to the idea that British Empire was a liberal empire. It was established on the principals classically enunciated by Edmund Burke, who asserted that colonial government was a

Using examples, critically discuss the importance of gastronomy to at Essay - 1

Using examples, critically discuss the importance of gastronomy to at festivals - Essay Example In today’s tourism industry, destinations are presenting food as a key element of their package to attract tourists. The objective of this essay is to analyze the role of gastronomy at festivals. A very good example of festival and trade based on gastronomy is Whitstable Oyster Festival in Kent. It is one of the ancient food festivals in the UK (Hall et al, 2008). It celebrates the tradition of the oyster industry in Kent. Haven-Tang et al (2006) have discussed the role of food festival in developing a sense of place. In the context of Monmouthshire food festival, the focus on local food and drink has been reported to have significant positive impact on the local economy Haven-Tang et al (2006). Moreover, it has proved that the emphasis on local food and drink through these festivals improve the visitor experience as well. A very interesting gastronomy project that was customized and exclusively designed for the promotion of local food and community was the ‘Eat the View’ project developed by the UK countryside agency. The festivals as part of this are reported to have created awareness among the travelers on the local food and culture and have had substantial positive influence on the promotion of local food ventures (Hall, 2005). The Great British Food Festival - Staffordshire, The Colchester Food and Drink Festival are some among a lot of food festivals coming up in the UK confirming the increasing role of gastronomy in tourism. Wine festivals are reported to be of great potential in the context of the United Kingdom (Hall et al, 2008). The ‘Taste of London Festival’ which was conducted in Regent Street in the summer of 2007, was a gourmet festival which is reported to have important role in improving awareness among the tourists on British Food. This brand of food festiva l was later replicated in the cities of Bath, Edinburgh, Birmingham and Dublin (Hall et al, 2008). The impact of

Ofdm Techniques In Satellite Communications

Ofdm Techniques In Satellite Communications The concept of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing was first proposed in 1960 and developed in the 70s .All bandpass modulation schemes use single carrier by adjusting frequency, phase or amplitude .As Digital transmission uses high Bandwidth (data rates), the duration of bit information becomes smaller. The system becomes more vulnerable to loss of information from impulse noise,signal reflections and other impairments. As the bandwidth used by a single carrier system, the vulnerability to interference from other continuous signal sources become greater. ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING Modulation:-A mapping of the information on changes in the carrier phase, frequency or amplitude or combination. Multiplexing:-Method of sharing a bandwidth with other independent data channels. OFDM is a combination of both multiplexing and modulation. OFDM is a special case of FDM . In OFDM the signal is first split into independent carriers, modulated by data and then re-multiplexed to create a OFDM carrier. This can be done by using different modulation/demodulation techniques. The FDM systems requires a guard band between modulated subcarriers to prevent the spectrum of one subcarrier from interfering with another and not using bandwidth efficiently as in fig(i). If the FDM system uses a set of subcarriers that are orthogonal to each other. The use of orthogonal subcarriers would allow the subcarriers spectra to overlap,thus increasing spectral efficiency. As long as orthogonality is maintained, it is possible to recover the individual subcarriers signals despite their overlapping spectrums. . Fig(1): General representation of an FDM scheme with guard bands. Fig(2): Orthogonal FDM, eliminating the guard bands. OFDM can be implemented using the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). The sinusoids of the DFT form an orthogonal basis set, and a signal in the vector space of the DFT can be represented as a linear combination of the orthogonal sinusoids. One view of the DFT is that the transform essentially correlates its input signal with each of the sinusoidal basis functions. The OFDM signal can be a baseband signal or a band pass signal. For wired systems, due to the limited bandwidth of the wires, baseband OFDM signals are transmitted. For wireless communications, such as wireless local area network (WLAN) specified by IEEE 802.11a standard OFDM signal frequency bands are allocated in the RF frequency band. In this case, OFDM signals are generated in baseband first and up-converted to the RF band for transmission. Mathematically, the OFDM signal using the DFT/IDFT pair would be as shown [4]: DFT: X(k)=ÃŽ £n=0to(N-1) x(n) exp(-j2Ï€nk/N) IDFT: x(k)=(1/N) ÃŽ £n=0to(N-1) X(n) exp(j2Ï€nk/N) Figure (3): General block diagram of OFDM MULTIPATH CARRIERS As OFDM uses Multipath carriers they cause two problems Intersymbol Interference:-This occurs when the received OFDM is distorted by the previously transmitted OFDM symbol.Where as in single carrier the interfere is due to several other symbols instead of just the previous symbol. Intersymbol Interference can be removed by using guard interval. Intrasymbol Interference:-This occurs due to the interference amongst a given OFDM symbols own subcarriers. Fig(4): Performance evaluation of various modulation techniques with OFDM OFDM ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OFDM offers many advantages over single-carrier modulations [1]: The maximum signaling rate (Nyquist rate) for a given channel can be approached without the use of sharp cutoff filters. It elongates the symbol period so that the signal is more robust against inter symbol interference caused by channel dispersions and multipath interference. It divides the entire frequency band into narrow bands so that it is less sensitive to wide-band impulse noise and fast channel fades. The effect of a slow frequency-selective fade is a separate complex gain on each sub-band signal and it can be removed by simply multiplying the signal by the conjugate of the complex gain-that is, equalization can be easily done by a one-tap equalizer. Different modulation formats and data rates can be used on different subcarriers depending on the noise level of individual sub-bands (the symbol periods are kept the same). In serial transmission, certain types of noise (such as time varying tone interference) may cause an entire system to fail; the parallel OFDM system can avoid this problem by adaptively reducing the data rate of the affected sub-bands or dropping them. OFDM can be implemented digitally using an inverse discrete Fourier transform and discrete Fourier transform (IDFT/DFT) pair (via the efficient fast algorithm IFFT/FFT pair), which greatly reduces the system complexity. OFDM is based on a parallel data transmission scheme that reduces the effect of multipath fading and makes the use of complex equalizers unnecessary. OFDM achieves high spectral efficiency by allowing the sub-carriers to overlap in the frequency domain. The sub-carriers are made orthogonal to each other therefore there is no Inter-Carrier Interference. If the number of sub-carriers in N, the total bandwidth required is BWtotal=(N+1)/Ts. For large values of N, the total bandwidth required can be approximated as BWtotal=(N)/Ts. On the other hand, the bandwidth required for single carrier transmission of the same data is BWtotal=(2N)/Ts. Thus we achieve a spectral gain of nearly 100% in OFDM compared to the single carrier transmission case. OFDM also have DISADVANTAGES over single carrier modulation systems The OFDM signal has a noise like amplitude with a very large dynamic range, therefore it requires RF power amplifiers with a high peak to average power ratio. It is more sensitive to carrier frequency offset and drift than single carrier systems are due to leakage of the DFT. High sensitivity to synchronization errors. Nonlinear effects generated by the power amplifier may introduce inter carrier interference and thus destroy the orthogonality. Larger sidelobes may result in sensitivity to frequency. APPLICATIONS OF OFDM Wireless LAN Applications HIPERLAN/2 HIPERLAN/2 is a Wireless LAN application defined by the ETSI. HIPERLAN/2 handles data rates between 6-54 Mbit/s. HIPERLAN/2 provides a DLC layer on top of which an IP based broadband network can be implemented. The Physical layer of HIPERLAN/2 is based on the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme. The Numerical Values of OFDM parameters in HIPERLAN are given below: Parameter Value Sampling rate fs=1/T 20 MHz Symbol part duration TU 64*T 3,2  µs Cyclic prefix duration TCP 16*T, 0,8  µs (mandatory); 8*T, 0,4  µs (optional) Symbol interval TS 80*T, 4,0  µs (TU+TCP) ; 72*T, 3,6  µs (TU+TCP) Number of data sub-carriers NSD 48 Number of pilot sub-carriers NSP 4 Sub-carrier spacing à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾f 0.3125 MHz (1/TU) Spacing between the two outmost sub-carriers 16.25 MHz (NST*à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾f) IEEE 802.11 The IEEE 802.11 committee has a standard similar to the HIPERLAN. Its OFDM parameters are as shown below: Data Rate 6,9,12,18,24,36,48,54 Mbps Modulation BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64 QAM Coding Rate 1/2, 2/3,3/4 No of Sub-Carriers 52 No of pilots 4 OFDM Symbol Duration 4 us Guard Interval 800 ns Sub-Carrier Spacing 312.5 kHz 3 dB bandwidth 16.56 MHz Channel Spacing 20 MHz Satellite Communication applications Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) Digital Audio Broadcasting is a new multimedia technology, with a good sound quality and better spectrum efficiency. The DAB system samples audio at a sample rate of 48 kHz and a resolution of 22 bits. Then the data is compressed to between 32 and 384 kbps. A rate  ¼ convolution code is used with constraint length 7. The total data rate is about 2.2 Mbps. The frame time is 24ms. QPSK modulation is performed at the transmitter. The advantage of using OFDM for DAB is that the OFDM suffers very little delay spread and has high spectral efficiency. Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB-T) Digital Video Broadcasting is an ETSI standard for broadcasting Digital Television over satellites, cables and through terrestrial (wireless) transmission. Terrestrial DVB operates in either of 2 modes called 2k and 8k modes with 1705 carriers and 6817 carriers respectively. It uses QPSK, 16-QAM or 64-QAM subcarrier modulations. It also uses pilot subcarrier for recovering amplitude and phase for coherent demodulation The major use of OFDM can be observed when multiple techniques can be transmitted and received at the same time. This can be done with the help of MIMO OFDM. The transmitted signal will be received by various VSAT networks based on the corresponding frequencies. Further, processing of this signal and error corrections, the original signal is retrieved. For example, consider that a DAB, DVB and other geological information is received by various antennas as shown in the figure. NEWEST RESEARCH AND FUTURE TRENDS OF OFDM One of the methods developed in the recent years is that the convolutional coding (CC) and trellis coded modulation (TCM) are combined with OFDM for a Rician fading channel according to the specifications given by the Iridium system. Here, the bit error rate (BER) performance of OFDM with 8-PSK and 16-QAM modulation techniques along with two different coding schemes are considered for a LEO satellite channel. Trellis coded OFDM gives the best performance compared to convolutional coded OFDM. The peak to average power ratio (PAPR) can be reduced approximately by 1.5 dB with the help of the partial transmit sequence technique (PTS). Later, some more research and simulation results proved that the Turbo Coded (TC) OFDM performed better than CC or TCM with OFDM [6]. Satellite mobile systems are developed to provide connectivity between remote terrestrial networks, direct network access, Internet services using fixed or mobile terminals, interactive multimedia applications, and high data-rate transmissions. Most of these research and development scenarios have considered the Non-Geo Stationary Satellite (NGSO) network for providing satellite-based mobile multimedia services because of its low propagation delay and low path loss. As a result, new generations of broadband satellite communication systems are currently being developed to support multimedia and Internet-based applications. For example, the Spaceway system provides downlink transmission rates of up to 100 Mbps, and a total capacity of up to 4.4 Gbps. In order to significantly increase the capacity of 4G broadband satellite systems, current research aims at developing new advanced technologies [5]. In the wireless system, OFDM is the main basis for several television and radio broadcast applications, including the European digital audio broadcasting (DAB) and high-definition TV (HDTV) terrestrial broadcasting as well as North American digital radio broadcasting. By the beginning of the 21st century, OFDM has been adopted as standard for new high-rate wireless local area network (WLAN), such as IEEE 802.11, HIPERLAN II, as well as the Japanese Multimedia Mobile Access Communications (MMAC). Currently, many researches are underway to devolve an OFDM-based system to deliver mobile broadband data service at data rates comparable to those of wired services, such as DSL and cable modems. Moreover, OFDM technology is a very attractive candidate when targeting high quality and high flexibility in mobile multimedia communications over satellite systems [6]. When the research interest is in the integration process of 3G terrestrial systems with the satellite domain, the conventional frequency division MAS (FDMA) system looses its flavor in competing with the code division MAS (CDMA) and time division MAS (TDMA)-based systems for its very high bandwidth (BW) requirement. Moreover, in satellite systems, it is shown that CDMA system outperforms the FDMA system when diversity is taken in to account. In this case, OFDM replaces FDMA with manifold advantages. Currently wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) and OFDM/TDMA techniques are successfully in use in terrestrial mobile multimedia systems. Therefore, these two Multiple Access schemes (MASs) are getting considerable attention [7] in mobile multimedia communications for Non-Geo Stationary Satellite interface.

Philistinism In England And America :: essays research papers

Comments on Matthew Arnold’s "Philistinism in England and America" In his essay, "Philistinism in England and America," Matthew Arnold examines the ancient ideas of Plato in the context of a twentieth century, capitalist society. As he agrees with almost all of what Plato had to say, he also admits that he is outdated, and that some of his teachings cannot be applied to us, living in an industrial superpower such as the United States. Still, though, Arnold defends the ancient philosopher. Education as a route to mental and physical righteousness is always a good idea, whether it is in modern America or Ancient Greece. I disagree with this, and it is here that I must contest the writings of Plato, as well as the essay by Arnold, for he is definitely a strong backer of the ancient ideals. In Plato’s mind, the value of an education is to clear one’s mind of impure thought, bring it to a higher lever than at the start, and attain a certain level of righteousness. This may have been a good idea 2300 years ago, but today, I see it as very limiting and impractical. In his time, only the rich aristocrats went to school. It’s purpose was not for the students to learn skills or ideas that would help them later in life, but to expand their minds, thus making them into ‘better people.’ There was no need for them to learn any job skills. Back then, if you came from a rich family, you were rich. Working at simple jobs was for the peasants and slaves. Today, life is different. Our society is completely unlike that of the ancient Greeks. We have no caste system limiting the wealth and prominence of any citizen, we have no slavery to handle all the manual labor, our army is proportionately smaller and much less honored, and religion is a part of one’s private life, not a dominating public force as it was to the Ancient Greeks. Most people today have a regular, day to day job, whether it be in an office, store, factory, or anywhere else. We have to earn our wealth by working, not inheritance. That is why most people go to school today. I am attending NYU so that I can get a job later in life. I study chemistry and engineering, in the hopes that I can become a chemical engineer.

Job Application Letter

I-2-10 Blok 1 Lorong Sierra Apartment PH I/3A Jalan Tuaran Menggatal 88450 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah October 4, 2012 Ms Alicesia Yong IEC Group 987 Lorong Jering 2 Sunny Garden Mile 1. 5 Tuaran Road 88300 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Dear Ms Alicesia I am writing in response to your advertisement in the JobStreet. com dated 2 October 2012. I am interested for applying the position of Administration Officer in your company. I am a fresh graduate from University Malaysia Sarawak with Human Resource Development’s bachelor degree.I am applying this position because the position requirements and my skills are a perfect match. During my studies in university I am being exposed to human resource roles in an organisation. I am trained with skills in handling administrative work not only for in managing people but also for documents. Beside that, neuroscience and human development phycology course which I have taken gave me advantages in understanding people better based on their ages and also pers onality.In addition, I have done some research in Institut Tabiran Awan Negara (INTAN) in purpose of making my self familiar working condition in managing people effectively in terms of training and development. Outcome of this research, I leaned skills in interaction with people and get chance to do events for the worker for dinner party and I received such a good complement by my managers. I would like to continue and develop my skills and knowledge in your company. I have worked on my communication skills in English during this event. I can promise that meeting with me will not be a waste of time.I can be contacted via email at [email  protected] com or my phone number 0168447028. I look forward to receiving reply from your company soon and I will be available to interview in start from 10 October until 20 October this year. Thank you. Sincerely Cheryl E. Gitom Encl. : Resume CHERYL E. GITOM I-2-10 Blok 1 Lorong Sierra Apartment PH I/3A Jalan Tuaran Menggatal 88450 Kota Kinabal u, Sabah ————————————————- 0168447028 Human Resource Education Bachelor of Science Degree in Human Resource Development, October 2011, University Malaysia Sarawak.Objective To help and assist administrative work and marketing activities IEC (School of English Language and Further Counselling Services) in an effective way. Management Skills Office skills * Office management, records management and also database administration. * Capable in event management and calendaring. * Clearly understand in documentation progress. Computer skills * Able to use Microsoft Offices such as Word and Publisher and analytic software, IBM SPSS. * Able to do web designing using Dreamweaver and FrontPage. Social skills Communicated effectively with departments to plan meeting and able to prepare event. * Help in coordinate recruitment events with high level standard. * Fluency in speaking Malay and English Language. Experiences Managing Christmas Event * Developing innovative PowerPoint presentation used by the Event Manager to market our company to outsider. * Helped the accounting section to monitor their expanses. * Communicated with other companies to raise some fund. * Entrusted by the leader to handle such a big money and ticketing issues. * Earned excellent marks for being the top seller for the event’s tickets.Involve in Management Research (Institut Tabiran Awam) * Working in group team to observe management of training for new recruits. * Created schedule and manage time for the training programme. * Recommended specific training activities. References Dr Norazila Abdul Aziz Senior Lecturer of  Department of Cognitive Science University Malaysia Sarawak Email:  [email  protected] unimas. my Phone: +6 082 – 581518 Nor Hasniah Ibrahim Lecturer of  Department of  Counselling University Malaysia Sarawak Email:  [email  protected] unimas. my Phone: +6 082 – 581532

What Is the Jet Stream and How It Affects Our Weather

What Is the Jet Stream and How It Affects Our Weather Youve probably heard the words jet stream many times while watching weather forecasts on TV. Thats because the jet stream and its location is key to forecasting where weather systems will travel. Without it, there would be nothing to help steer our daily weather from location to location. Rivers of Rapidly Moving Air Named for their similarity to fast moving jets of water, jet streams are bands of strong winds in the upper levels of the atmosphere. Jet streams form at the boundaries of contrasting air masses. When warm and cold air meet, the difference in their air pressures as a result of their temperature differences (recall that warm air is less dense, and cold air, more dense) causes air to flow from higher pressure (the warm air mass) to lower pressure (the cold air mass), thereby creating high winds. Because the differences in temperature, and therefore, pressure, are very large, so too is the strength of the resulting winds. Jet Stream Location, Speed,Direction Jet streams live at the tropopause (about 6 to 9 miles off  the ground) and are several thousand miles long. Jet stream winds range in speed from 120 to 250 mph, but can reach more than 275 mph. Oftentimes, the jet houses pockets of winds that move faster than the surrounding jet stream winds. These jet streaks play an important role in precipitation and storm formation. (If a jet streak is visually divided into fourths, like a pie, its left front and right rear quadrants are the most favorable for precipitation and storm development. If a weak  low pressure area  passes through either of these locations, it will quickly strengthen into a dangerous storm.) Jet  winds blow from west to east, but also meander north to south in a wave-shaped pattern. These waves and large ripples (known as planetary, or Rossby waves) form U-shaped troughs of low pressure that allow cold air to spill southwards, and upside-down U-shaped ridges of high pressure that bring warm air northwards.  Ã‚   Discovered by Weather Balloons One of the first names associated with the jet stream is Wasaburo Oishi. A Japanese meteorologist, Oishi discovered the jet stream in the 1920s while using weather balloons to track upper level winds near Mount Fuji. However, his work went unnoticed outside of Japan. In 1933, knowledge of the jet stream increased when American aviator Wiley Post began exploring long-distance, high-altitude flight. Despite these discoveries, the term jet stream was not coined until 1939 by German meteorologist Heinrich Seilkopf. Meet the Polar and Subtropical Jets While we typically talk about the jet stream as if there was only one, there are actually two: a polar jet stream and a subtropical jet stream. The Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere each have both a polar and a subtropical branch of the jet. The Polar Jet:  In North America, the polar jet is more commonly known as the jet or the mid-latitude jet (so-called because it occurs over the mid-latitudes).The Subtropical Jet:  The subtropical jet is named for its existence at 30 °N and 30 °S latitude- a climate zone known as the subtropics. It forms at the boundary temperature difference between air at mid-latitudes and warmer air near the equator. Unlike the polar jet, the subtropical jet is only present in the wintertime- the only time of year when temperature contrasts in the subtropics are strong enough to form jet winds. The subtropical jet is generally weaker than the polar jet. It is most pronounced over the western Pacific. Jet Position Changes With the Seasons Jet streams change position, location, and strength depending on the season. In the winter, areas in the Northern Hemisphere may get colder than normal periods as the jet stream dips lower bringing cold air in from the polar regions. Although the height of the jet stream is typically 20,000 feet or more, the influences on weather patterns can be substantial as well. High wind speeds can drive and direct storms creating devastating droughts and floods. A shift in the jet stream is a suspect in the causes of the Dust Bowl. In spring, the polar jet starts to journey north from its winter position along the lower third of the U.S., back to its permanent home at 50-60 °N latitude (over Canada). As the jet gradually lifts northward, highs and lows are steered along its path and across the regions where its currently positioned. Why does the jet stream move? Well, jet streams follow the Sun, Earths primary source of heat energy. Recall that in spring in the Northern Hemisphere, the Suns vertical rays go from striking the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 ° south latitude) to striking more northerly latitudes (until it reaches the Tropic of Cancer, 23.5 ° north latitude, on the summer solstice). As these northerly latitudes warm, the jet stream, which occurs near boundaries of cold and warm air masses, must also shift northward to remain at the opposing edge of warm and cool air. Locating Jets on Weather Maps On surface maps: Many news and media that broadcast weather forecasts show the jet stream as a moving band of arrows across the U.S., but  the jet stream isnt a standard feature of surface analysis maps. Heres an easy way to eyeball the jet position: since it steers high and low pressure systems, simply note where these are located and draw a continuous curved line in-between them, taking care to arch your line over highs and underneath lows. On upper level maps: The jet stream lives at heights of 30,000 to 40,000 feet above Earths surface. At these altitudes, atmospheric pressure equals around 200 to 300 mb; this is why the 200 and 300 mb level upper air charts are typically used for jet stream forecasting. When looking at other upper level maps, the jet position can be guessed by noting where pressure or wind contours are spaced close together.

Descartes Essays - Ren Descartes, Epistemology, Rationalists

Descartes Essays - Ren Descartes, Epistemology, Rationalists Descartes Descartes was a "jack of all trades", making major contributions to the areas of anatomy, cognitive science, optics, mathematics and philosophy. Underlying his methodology is the belief that all science is based on mathematics. This is manifested in his unification of ancient geometry and his new alegbra based on the Cartesian coodinate system. For Descartes, certainty in philosphy and in mathematics is gained through understanding. We may know that two apples and two apples makes four apples, but Descartes believes that matematics transcends the senses, contributing to an overall mathematical order to the universe that is independent of senses. Senses were at the center of his Meditations on First Philosphy, a work in which Descartes explores the concepts of self, God and mind. He begins by shaking our belief in the sneses; if they are all an illusion created by a malicious deceiver, what can we trust? His answer is that we can doubt, and that the deceiver cannot cause us to doubt our own existence. Thus, the famous "cogito ergo sum" (I think therefore I am). However, the I is not a physical "i", is is an immaterial mind that is identified by "I". Thus begins Cartesian Dualism, the theory that there are two fundamental types of entities : mind and matter. The physical bodies exists extended in space, with depth, width and breadth. However, minds are entirely immaterial and nonspatial; they are the "I" he refers to. Since the mind is the only entity that can think (rocks cannot), Descartes uses the cogito arguemnt to prove the existence of a mind.